5.0.0.0 Ref­er­ences

  1. Tut­tle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Di­a­bet­ic kid­ney dis­ease: a re­port from an ADA Con­sen­sus Con­fer­ence. Di­a­betes Care 2014;37: 2864–2883
  2. Na­tion­al Kid­ney Foun­da­tion. KDIGO 2012 clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­line for the eval­u­a­tion and man­age­ment of chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease. Kid­ney Int Suppl 2013;3:1–150
  3. Afkar­i­an M, Zel­nick LR, Hall YN, et al. Clin­i­cal man­i­fes­ta­tions of kid­ney dis­ease among US adults with di­a­betes, 1988-2014. JAMA 2016; 316:602–610
  4. de Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, Hea­ger­ty PJ, Weiss NS, Him­mel­farb J. Tem­po­ral trends in the preva­lence of di­a­bet­ic kid­ney dis­ease in the Unit­ed States. JAMA 2011;305:2532–2539
  5. de Boer IH; DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. Kid­ney dis­ease and re­lat­ed find­ings in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions study. Di­a­betes Care 2014;37:24–30
  6. Unit­ed States Renal Data Sys­tem. An­nu­al Data Re­port: Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Kid­ney Dis­ease in the Unit­ed States. Bethes­da, MD, Na­tion­al In­sti­tutes of Health, Na­tion­al In­sti­tute of Di­a­betes and Di­ges­tive and Kid­ney Dis­eases, 2016
  7. Fox CS, Mat­sushi­ta K, Wood­ward M, et al.; Chron­ic Kid­ney Dis­ease Prog­no­sis Con­sor­tium. As­so­ci­a­tions of kid­ney dis­ease mea­sures with mor­tal­i­ty and end-‍stage renal dis­ease in in­di­vid­u­als with and with­out di­a­betes: a metaanal­y­sis. Lancet 2012;380:1662–1673
  8. Afkar­i­an M, Sachs MC, Kesten­baum B, et al. Kid­ney dis­ease and in­creased mor­tal­i­ty risk in type 2 di­a­betes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;24:302– 308
  9. Groop P-H, Thomas MC, Moran JL, et al.; FinnDi­ane Study Group. The pres­ence and sever­i­ty of chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease pre­dicts all-‍cause mor­tal­i­ty in type 1 di­a­betes. Di­a­betes 2009;58:1651–1658
  10. De­lanaye P, Glas­sock RJ, Pot­tel H, Rule AD. An age-‍cal­i­brat­ed defini­tion of chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease: ra­tio­nale and benefits. Clin Biochem Rev 2016;37:17–26
  11. Kramer HJ, Nguyen QD, Curhan G, Hsu C-Y. Renal insufficien­cy in the ab­sence of al­bu­minuria and retinopa­thy among adults with type 2 di­a­betes mel­li­tus. JAMA 2003;289:3273–3277
  12. Molitch ME, Steffes M, Sun W, et al.; Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions Study Group. De­vel­op­ment and pro­gres­sion of renal insufficien­cy with and with­out al­bu­minuria in adults with type 1 di­a­betes in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial and the Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions study. Di­a­betes Care 2010;33:1536–1543
  13. He F, Xia X, Wu XF, Yu XQ, Huang FX. Di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy in pre­dicting di­a­bet­ic nephropa­thy in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes and renal dis­ease: a meta-‍anal­y­sis. Di­a­betolo­gia 2013; 56:457–466
  14. Levey AS, Core­sh J, Balk E, et al.; Na­tion­al Kid­ney Foun­da­tion. Na­tion­al Kid­ney Foun­da­tion prac­tice guide­lines for chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease: eval­u­a­tion, clas­sification, and stratification. Ann In­tern Med 2003;139:137–147
  15. Core­sh J, Turin TC, Mat­sushi­ta K, et al. De­cline in es­ti­mat­ed glomeru­lar filtra­tion rate and sub­se­quent risk of end-‍stage renal dis­ease and mor­tal­i­ty. JAMA 2014;311:2518–2531
  16. James MT, Grams ME, Wood­ward M, et al.; CKD Prog­no­sis Con­sor­tium. A meta-‍anal­y­sis of the as­so­ci­a­tion of es­ti­mat­ed GFR, al­bu­minuria, di­a­betes mel­li­tus, and hy­per­ten­sion with acute kid­ney in­jury. Am J Kid­ney Dis 2015;66:602–612
  17. Nad­karni GN, Fer­randi­no R, Chang A, et al. Acute kid­ney in­jury in pa­tients on SGLT2 in­hibitors: a propen­si­ty-‍matched anal­y­sis. Di­a­betes Care 2017;40:1479–1485
  18. Wan­ner C, In­zuc­chi SE, Lachin JM, et al.; EMPA-‍REG OUT­COME In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Em­pagliflozin and pro­gres­sion of kid­ney dis­ease in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:323–334
  19. Neuen BL, Ohku­ma T, Neal B, et al. Car­dio­vas­cu­lar and renal out­comes with canagliflozin ac­cord­ing to base­line kid­ney func­tion: data from the CAN­VAS Pro­gram. Cir­cu­la­tion 2018;138: 1537–1550
  20. Thakar CV, Chris­tian­son A, Him­mel­farb J, Leonard AC. Acute kid­ney in­jury episodes and chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease risk in di­a­betes mel­li­tus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2567–2572
  21. Hugh­es-‍Austin JM, Rifkin DE, Beben T, et al. The re­la­tion of serum potas­si­um con­cen­tra­tion with car­dio­vas­cu­lar events and mor­tal­i­ty in com­mu­ni­ty-‍liv­ing in­di­vid­u­als. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12:245–252
  22. Ban­dak G, Sang Y, Gas­pari­ni A, et al. Hy­per­kalemia after ini­ti­at­ing renin-‍an­giotensin sys­tem block­ade: the Stock­holm Cre­a­ti­nine Mea­sure­ments (SCREAM) Pro­ject. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005428
  23. Nils­son E, Gas­pari­ni A, A¨rnlo¨v J, et al. In- cidence and de­ter­mi­nants of hy­per­kalemia and hy­pokalemia in a large health­care sys­tem. Int J Car­di­ol 2017;245:277–284
  24. de Boer IH, Gao X, Cleary PA, et al.; Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions (DCCT/ EDIC) Re­search Group. Al­bu­min­uria changes and car­dio­vas­cu­lar and renal out­comes in type 1 di­a­betes: the DCCT/EDIC study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11:1969–1977
  25. Sum­i­da K, Mol­nar MZ, Po­tukuchi PK, et al. Changes in al­bu­minuria and sub­se­quent risk of in­ci­dent kid­ney dis­ease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12:1941–1949

    25a. Inker LA, Grams ME, Levey AS, et al.; CKD Prog­no­sis Con­sor­tium. Re­la­tion­ship of es­ti­mat­ed GFR and al­bu­minuria to concur­rent lab­o­ra­to­ry abnor­malities: an in­di­vid­u­al par­tic­i­pant data meta-‍anal­y­sis in a glob­al­con­sor­tium. Am J Kid­ney Dis. 19 Oc­to­ber 2018 [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.08.013

  26. Mills KT, Chen J, Yang W, et al.; Chron­ic Renal Insufficien­cy Co­hort (CRIC) Study In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Sodi­um ex­cre­tion and the risk of car­dio­vas­cu­lar dis­ease in pa­tients with chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease. JAMA 2016;315:2200–2210
  27. DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. Ef­fect of in­ten­sive di­a­betes treat­ment on al­bu­minuria in type 1 di­a­betes: long-‍term fol­low-‍up of the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial and Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions study. Lancet Di­a­betes En­docrinol 2014;2:793– 800
  28. de Boer IH, Sun W, Cleary PA, et al.; DCCT/ EDIC Re­search Group. In­ten­sive di­a­betes ther­a­py and glomeru­lar filtra­tion rate in type 1 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2366–2376
  29. UK Prospec­tive Di­a­betes Study (UKPDS) Group. Ef­fect of in­ten­sive blood-‍glu­cose con­trol with met­formin on com­pli­ca­tions in over­weight pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854–865
  30. UK Prospec­tive Di­a­betes Study (UKPDS) Group. In­ten­sive blood-‍glu­cose con­trol with sulpho­ny­lureas or in­sulin com­pared with con­ven­tion­al treat­ment and risk of com­pli­ca­tions in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837–853
  31. Patel A, MacMa­hon S, Chalmers J, et al.; AD­VANCE Col­lab­o­ra­tive Group. In­ten­sive blood glu­cose con­trol and vas­cu­lar out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:2560–2572
  32. Is­mail-‍Beigi F, Craven T, Baner­ji MA, et al.; AC­CORDtrial group. Ef­fect of in­ten­sivetreat­ment of hy­per­gly­caemia on microvas­cu­lar out­comes in type 2 di­a­betes: an anal­y­sis of the AC­CORD ran­domised trial. Lancet 2010;376:419–430
  33. Zoun­gas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al.; AD­VANCE-‍ON Col­lab­o­ra­tive Group. Fol­low-‍up of blood-‍pres­sure low­er­ing and glu­cose con­trol in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1392– 1406
  34. Zoun­gas S, Arima H, Ger­stein HC, et al.; Col­lab­o­ra­tors on Tri­als of Low­er­ing Glu­cose (CON­TROL) group. Ef­fects of in­ten­sive glu­cose con­trol on microvas­cu­lar out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes: a meta-‍anal­y­sis of in­di­vid­u­al par­tic­i­pant data from ran­domised con­trolled tri­als. Lancet Di­a­betes En­docrinol 2017;5:431– 437
  35. Miller ME, Bonds DE, Ger­stein HC, et al.; AC­CORD In­ves­ti­ga­tors. The ef­fects of base­line char­ac­ter­is­tics, gly­caemia treat­ment ap­proach, and gly­cat­ed haemoglobin con­cen­tra­tion on the risk of se­vere hypogly­caemia: post hoc epi­demi­o­log­i­cal anal­y­sis of the AC­CORD study. BMJ 2010;340:b5444
  36. Pa­pademetri­ou V, Lo­va­to L, Doumas M, et al.; AC­CORD Study Group. Chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease and in­ten­sive glycemic con­trol in­crease car­dio­vas­cu­lar risk in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes. Kid­ney Int 2015;87:649–659
  37. Perkovic V, Heer­spink HL, Chalmers J, et al.; AD­VANCECol­lab­o­ra­tive Group. In­ten­sive glu­cose con­trol im­proves kid­ney out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes. Kid­ney Int 2013;83:517– 523
  38. Wong MG, Perkovic V, Chalmers J, et al.; AD­VANCE-‍ON Col­lab­o­ra­tive Group. Long-‍term benefits of in­ten­sive glu­cose con­trol for pre­venting end-‍stage kid­ney dis­ease: AD­VANCE-‍ON. Di­a­betes Care 2016;39:694–700
  39. Na­tion­al Kid­ney Foun­da­tion. KDOQI clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­line for di­a­betes and CKD: 2012 up­date. Am J Kid­ney Dis 2012;60:850–886
  40. Cher­ney DZI, Perkins BA, So­ley­man­lou N, etal. Renal hemo­dy­nam­ic ef­fect of sodi­um-‍glu­cose co­trans­porter 2 in­hi­bi­tion in pa­tients with type 1 di­a­betes mel­li­tus. Cir­cu­la­tion 2014;129: 587–597

  41. Heerspink HJL, Desai M, Jardine M, Balis D, Meininger G, Perkovic V. Canagliflozin slows progression of renal function decline independently

    of glycemic effects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;28:368–375 PubMed

  42. Neal B, Perkovic V, Ma­haf­fey KW, et al.; CAN­VAS Pro­gram Col­lab­o­ra­tive Group. Canagli-‍ flozin and car­dio­vas­cu­lar and renal events in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644–657
  43. Zel­niker TA, Braun­wald E. Car­diac and renal ef­fects of sodi­um-‍glu­cose co-‍trans­porter 2 in­hibitors in di­a­betes: JACC state-‍of-‍the-‍art re­view. J Am Coll Car­di­ol 2018;72:1845–1855
  44. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-‍Frand­sen K, et al.; LEAD­ER Steer­ing Com­mit­tee; LEAD­ER Trial In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Li­raglu­tide and car­dio­vas­cu­lar out­comes in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:311–322
  45. Coop­er ME, Perkovic V, McGill JB, et al. Kid­ney dis­ease end points in a pooled anal­y­sis of in­di­vid­u­al pa­tient-‍level data from a large clin­i­cal tri­als pro­gram of the dipep­tidyl pep­ti­dase 4 in­hibitor linagliptin in type 2 di­a­betes. Am J Kid­ney Dis 2015;66:441–449
  46. Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-‍Frand­sen K, et al.; LEAD­ER Steer­ing Com­mit­tee and In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Li­raglu­tide and renal out­comes in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:839–848
  47. Marso SP, Bain SC, Con­soli A, et al.; SUSTAIN-‍ 6 In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Semaglu­tide and car­dio­vas­cu­lar out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834–1844
  48. Karter AJ, Warton EM, Lip­s­ka KJ, et al. De­vel­op­ment and val­i­da­tion of a tool to iden­tify pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes at high risk of hy­po­glycemia-‍re­lat­ed emer­gen­cy de­part­ment or hos­pi­tal use. JAMA In­tern Med 2017;177: 1461–1470
  49. Moen MF, Zhan M, Hsu VD, et al. Fre­quen­cy of hy­po­glycemia and its significance in chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4: 1121–1127
  50. U.S. Food and Drug Ad­min­is­tra­tion. FDA drug safe­ty com­mu­ni­ca­tion: FDA re­vis­es warn­ings re­gard­ing use of the di­a­betes medicine met­formin in cer­tain pa­tients with re­duced kid­ney func­tion [In­ternet], 2016. Avail­able from http://www.fda.gov/‍Drugs/‍DrugSafe­ty/‍ ucm493244.htm. Ac­cessed 14 Oc­to­ber 2016
  51. Zin­man B, Wan­ner C, Lachin JM, et al.; EMPA-REG OUT­COME In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Em­pagliflozin, car­dio­vas­cu­lar out­comes, and mor­tal­i­ty in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2015;373: 2117–2128
  52. Ma­haf­fey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al.; CAN­VAS Pro­gram Col­lab­o­ra­tive Group. Canagliflozin for pri­ma­ry and sec­ondary pre­ven­tion of car­dio­vas­cu­lar events: re­sults from the CAN­VAS Pro­gram (Canagliflozin Car­dio­vas­cu­lar As­sess­ment Study). Cir­cu­la­tion 2018;137: 323–334
  53. Tut­tle KR, Lak­sh­manan MC, Rayn­er B, et al. Du­laglu­tide ver­sus in­sulin glargine in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes and moderate-to-se­vere chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease (AWARD-‍7): a mul­ti­cen­tre, open-‍label, ran­domised trial. Lancet Di­a­betes En­docrinol 2018;6:605–617 53a. Lambers-Heer­spink HJ, Desai M, Jar­dine M, et al. Canagliflozin slows pro­gres­sion of renal func­tion de­cline in­de­pen­dent of glycemic ef­fects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;28:368–375
  54. Jar­dine MJ, Ma­haf­fey KW, Neal B, et al.; CRE­DENCE study in­ves­ti­ga­tors. The Canagliflozin and Renal End­points in Di­a­betes with Es­tab­lished Nephropa­thy Clin­i­cal Eval­u­a­tion (CRE­DENCE) study ra­tio­nale, de­sign, and base­line char­ac­ter­is­tics. Am J Nephrol 2017;46:462–472
  55. Wan­ner C, Lachin JM, In­zuc­chi SE, et al.; EMPA-‍REG OUT­COME In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Em­pagliflozin and clin­i­cal out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes, es­tab­lished car­dio­vas­cu­lar dis­ease and chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease. Cir­cu­la­tion 2018;137: 119–129
  56. Lee­hey DJ, Zhang JH, Emanuele NV, et al.; VA NEPHRON-‍D Study Group. BP and renal out­comes in di­a­bet­ic kid­ney dis­ease: the Vet­er­ans Af­fairs Nephropa­thy in Di­a­betes Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;10:2159–2169
  57. Emdin CA, Rahi­mi K, Neal B, Cal­len­der T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pres­sure low­er­ing in type 2 di­a­betes: a sys­tematic re­view and metaanal­y­sis. JAMA 2015;313:603–615
  58. Cush­man WC, Evans GW, By­ing­ton RP, et al.; AC­CORD Study Group. Ef­fects of in­ten­sive bloodpres­sure con­trol in type 2 di­a­betes mel­li­tus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1575–1585
  59. UK Prospec­tive Di­a­betes Study Group. Tight blood pres­sure con­trol and risk of macrovas­cu­lar and microvas­cu­lar com­pli­ca­tions in type 2 di­a­betes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703–713
  60. de Boer IH, Ban­ga­lore S, Bene­tos A, et al. Di­a­betes and hy­per­ten­sion: a po­si­tion state­ment by the Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion. Di­a­betes Care 2017;40:1273–1284
  61. Bren­ner BM, Coop­er ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.; RE­NAAL Study In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Ef­fects of losar­tan on renal and car­dio­vas­cu­lar out­comes in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes and nephropa­thy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861–869
  62. Lewis EJ, Hun­sick­er LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD; The Col­lab­o­ra­tive Study Group. The ef­fect of an­giotensin-‍con­vert­ing-‍en­zyme in­hi­bi­tion on di­a­bet­ic nephropa­thy. N Engl J Med 1993;329: 1456–1462
  63. Lewis EJ, Hun­sick­er LG, Clarke WR, et al.; Col­lab­o­ra­tive Study Group. Renopro­tec­tive ef­fect of the an­giotensin-‍re­cep­tor antag­o­nist irbe­sar­tan in pa­tients with nephropa­thy due to type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851–860
  64. Heart Out­comes Pre­ven­tion Eval­u­a­tion Study In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Ef­fects of ramipril on car­dio­vas­cu­lar and microvas­cu­lar out­comes in peo­ple with di­a­betes mel­li­tus: re­sults of the HOPE study and MICRO-‍HOPE sub­study. Lancet 2000; 355:253–259
  65. Bar­nett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al.; Di­a­bet­ics Ex­posed to Telmis­ar­tan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-re­cep­tor block­ade ver­sus con­vert­ing-‍en­zyme in­hi­bi­tion in type 2 di­a­betes and nephropa­thy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1952–1961
  66. Wu H-Y, Peng C-L, Chen P-C, et al. Com­par­a­tive ef­fectiveness of an­giotensin-converting en­zyme in­hibitors ver­sus an­giotensin II re­cep­tor block­ers for major renal out­comes in pa­tients with di­a­betes: a 15-year co­hort study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0177654
  67. Parv­ing HH, Lehn­ert H, Bro¨chner-‍Mortensen J, Gomis R, An­der­sen S, Arner P; Irbe­sar­tan in Pa­tients with Type 2 Di­a­betes and Microal­bu­minuria Study Group. The ef­fect of irbe­sar­tan on the de­vel­op­ment of di­a­bet­ic nephropa­thy in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870–878
  68. Ban­ga­lore S, Fakheri R, Toklu B, Messer­li FH. Di­a­betes mel­li­tus as a com­pelling in­di­ca­tion for use of renin an­giotensin sys­tem block­ers: sys­tematic re­view and meta-‍anal­y­sis of ran­domized tri­als. BMJ 2016;352:i438
  69. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al.; ROADMAP­Tri­al In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Olme­sar­tan for the delay or pre­ven­tion of microal­bu­minuria in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2011;364:907–917
  70. Mauer M, Zin­man B, Gar­diner R, et al. Renal and reti­nal ef­fects of enalapril and losar­tan in type 1 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2009;361:40–51
  71. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al.; ON­TAR­GET In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Telmis­ar­tan, ramipril, or both in pa­tients at high risk for vas­cu­lar events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547–1559
  72. Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al.; VA NEPHRON-‍D In­ves­ti­ga­tors. Com­bined an­giotensin in­hi­bi­tion for the treat­ment of di­a­bet­ic nephropa­thy. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1892–1903
  73. Bakris GL, Agar­w­al R, Chan JC, et al.; Min­er­alo­cor­ti­coid Re­cep­tor Antag­o­nist Tolerabil­i­ty Study–Di­a­bet­ic Nephropa­thy (ARTS-‍DN) Study Group. Ef­fect of finerenone on al­bu­minuria in pa­tients with di­a­bet­ic nephropa­thy: a ran­domized clin­i­cal trial. JAMA 2015;314:884–894
  74. Williams B, Mac­Don­ald TM, Morant S, et al.; British Hy­per­ten­sion So­ci­ety’s PATH­WAY Stud­ies Group. Spirono­lac­tone ver­sus place­bo, biso­pro­lol, and dox­a­zosin to de­ter­mine the op­ti­maltreat­ment for drug-‍re­sis­tant hy­per­ten­sion (PATH­WAY-‍2): a ran­domised, dou­ble-‍blind, crossover trial. Lancet 2015;386:2059–2068
  75. Fi­lip­pa­tos G, Anker SD, Bo¨hm M, et al. A ran­domized con­trolled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in pa­tients with wors­en­ing chron­ic heart fail­ure and di­a­betes mel­li­tus and/‍or chron­ic kid­ney dis­ease. Eur Heart J 2016;37: 2105–2114
  76. Smart NA, Dieberg G, Lad­hani M, Titus T. Early re­fer­ral to spe­cialist nephrol­o­gy ser­vices for pre­venting the pro­gres­sion to end-‍stage kid­ney dis­ease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;6: CD007333
  77. Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy: a po­si­tion state­ment by the Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion. Di­a­betes Care 2017; 40:412–418
  78. Klein R. Hy­per­glycemia and microvas­cu­lar and macrovas­cu­lar dis­ease in di­a­betes. Di­a­betes Care 1995;18:258–268
  79. Esta­cio RO, Mc­Far­ling E, Big­ger­staff S, Jef­fers BW, John­son D, Schri­er RW. Overt al­bu­minuria pre­dicts di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy in His­pan­ics with NIDDM. Am J Kid­ney Dis 1998;31:947–953
  80. Leske MC, Wu S-Y, Hen­nis A, et al.; Bar­ba­dos Eye Study Group. Hy­per­glycemia, blood pres­sure, and the 9-year in­ci­dence of di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy: the Bar­ba­dos Eye Stud­ies. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2005;112:799–805
  81. Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, et al.; Ac­tion to Con­trol Car­dio­vas­cu­lar Risk in Di­a­betes Eye Study Re­search Group. The ef­fects of med­i­cal man­age­ment on the pro­gres­sion of di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy in per­sons with type 2 di­a­betes: the Ac­tion to Con­trol Car­dio­vas­cu­lar Risk in Di­a­betes (AC­CORD) Eye Study. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2014;121:2443–2451
  82. Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, et al.; Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial Re­search Group. The ef­fect of in­ten­sive treat­ment of di­a­betes on the de­vel­op­ment and pro­gres­sion of long-‍term com­pli­ca­tions in in­sulin-de­pendent di­a­betes mel­li­tus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977–986
  83. Chew EY, Am­bro­sius WT, Davis MD, et al.; AC­CORD Study Group; AC­CORD Eye Study Group. Ef­fects of med­i­cal ther­a­pies on retinopa­thy pro­gres­sion in type 2 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:233–244
  84. Gubitosi-‍Klug RA, Sun W, Cleary PA, et al.; Writ­ing Team for the DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. Ef­fects of prior in­ten­sive in­sulin ther­a­py and risk fac­tors on pa­tient-‍re­port­ed vi­su­al func­tion out­comes in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions (DCCT/‍EDIC) co­hort. JAMA Oph­thal­mol 2016;134:137–145
  85. Fong DS, Aiel­lo LP, Fer­ris FL 3rd, Klein R. Di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy. Di­a­betes Care 2004;27: 2540–2553
  86. Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial Re­search Group. Ef­fect of preg­nan­cy on microvas­cu­lar com­pli­ca­tions in the di­a­betes con­trol and com­pli­ca­tions trial. Di­a­betes Care 2000;23: 1084–1091
  87. Dabe­lea D, Staf­ford JM, Mayer-‍Davis EJ, et al.; SEARCH for Di­a­betes in Youth Re­search Group. As­so­ci­a­tion of type 1 di­a­betes vs type 2 di­a­betes di­ag­nosed dur­ing child­hood and ado­les­cence with com­pli­ca­tions dur­ing teenage years and young adult­hood. JAMA 2017;317: 825–835
  88. Agardh E, Tababat-‍Khani P. Adopt­ing 3-year screen­ing in­ter­vals for sight-‍threat­en­ing reti­nal vas­cu­lar le­sions in type 2 di­a­bet­ic sub­jects with­out retinopa­thy. Di­a­betes Care 2011;34:1318– 1319
  89. Nathan DM, Bebu I, Hainsworth D, et al.; DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. Fre­quen­cy of ev­i­dence-‍based screen­ing for retinopa­thy in type 1 di­a­betes. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1507–1516
  90. Dask­ivich LP, Vasquez C, Mar­tinez C Jr, Tseng C-H, Man­gione CM. Im­ple­men­ta­tion and eval­u­a­tion of a large-‍scale telereti­nal di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy screen­ing pro­gram in the Los An­ge­les Coun­ty De­part­ment of Health Ser­vices. JAMA In­tern Med 2017;177:642–649
  91. Sim DA, Mitry D, Alexan­der P, et al. The evo­lu­tion of teleoph­thal­mol­o­gy pro­grams in the Unit­ed King­dom: be­yond di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy screen­ing. J Di­a­betes Sci Tech­nol 2016;10:308–317
  92. Hoop­er P, Bouch­er MC, Cruess A, et al. Cana­di­an Oph­thal­mological So­ci­ety ev­i­dence-‍ based clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­lines for the man­age­ment of di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy. Can J Oph­thal­mol 2012;47(Supp. 1):S1–S30
  93. Axer-‍Siegel R, Hod M, Fink-‍Cohen S, et al. Di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy dur­ing preg­nan­cy. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 1996;103:1815–1819
  94. Best RM, Chakravarthy U. Di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy in preg­nan­cy. Br J Oph­thal­mol 1997;81:249–251
  95. Gun­der­son EP, Lewis CE, Tsai A-L, et al. A 20-year prospec­tive study of child­bear­ing and in­ci­dence of di­a­betes in young women, con­trolling for glycemia be­fore con­cep­tion: the Coro­nary Artery Risk De­vel­op­ment in Young Adults (CAR­DIA) Study. Di­a­betes 2007;56:2990–2996
  96. The Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Study Re­search Group. Pre­lim­i­nary re­port on ef­fects of pho­to­co­ag­u­la­tion ther­a­py. Am J Oph­thal­mol 1976;81: 383–396
  97. Gross JG, Glass­man AR, Jam­pol LM, et al.; Writ­ing Com­mit­tee for the Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Clin­i­cal Re­search Net­work. Panreti­nal pho­to­co­ag­u­la­tion vs intravit­re­ous ranibizum­ab for pro­lif­er­a­tive di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy: a ran­domized clin­i­cal trial. JAMA 2015;314:2137–2146
  98. Early Treat­ment Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Study Re­search Group. Pho­to­co­ag­u­la­tion for di­a­bet­ic mac­u­lar edema. Early Treat­ment Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Study re­port num­ber 1. Arch Oph­thal­mol 1985;103:1796–1806
  99. Elman MJ, Aiel­lo LP, Beck RW, et al.; Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Clin­i­cal Re­search Net­work. Ran­dom­ized trial eval­u­at­ing ranibizum­ab plus prompt or de­ferred laser or tri­am­ci­nolone plus prompt laser for di­a­bet­ic mac­u­lar edema. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2010;117:1064–1077.e35
  100. Mitchell P, Ban­del­lo F, Schmidt-‍Erfurth U, et al.; RE­STORE study group. The RE­STORE study: ranibizum­ab monother­a­py or com­bined with laser ver­sus laser monother­a­py for di­a­bet­ic mac­u­lar edema. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2011;118:615–625
  101. Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, et al.; Di­a­bet­ic Retinopa­thy Clin­i­cal Re­search Net­work. Ex­pand­ed 2-year fol­low-‍up of ranibizum­ab plus prompt or de­ferred laser or tri­am­ci­nolone plus prompt laser for di­a­bet­ic mac­u­lar edema. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2011;118:609–614
  102. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Mar­cus DM, et al.; RISE and RIDE Re­search Group. Ranibizum­ab for di­a­bet­ic mac­u­lar edema: re­sults from 2 phase III ran­domized tri­als: RISE and RIDE. Oph­thal­mol­o­gy 2012;119:789–801
  103. Shih C-J, Chen H-T, Kuo S-C, et al. Com­par­a­tive ef­fectiveness of an­giotensin-‍con­vert­ing-‍en­zyme in­hibitors and an­giotensin II re­cep­tor block­ers in pa­tients with type 2 di­a­betes and retinopa­thy. CMAJ 2016;188:E148–E157
  104. Shi R, Zhao L, Wang F, et al. Ef­fects of lipid-‍low­er­ing agents on di­a­bet­ic retinopa­thy: a metaanal­y­sis and sys­tematic re­view. Int J Oph­thal­mol 2018;11:287–295
  105. Ang L, Jaisw­al M, Mar­tin C, Pop-‍Busui R. Glu­cosecon­troland di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy: lessons from re­cent large clin­i­cal tri­als. Curr Diab Rep 2014;14:528
  106. Mar­tin CL, Al­bers JW, Pop-‍Busui R; DCCT/ EDIC Re­search Group. Neu­ropa­thy and re­lat­ed find­ings in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions study. Di­a­betes Care 2014;37:31–38
  107. Pop-‍Busui R, Boul­ton AJM, Feld­man EL, et al. Di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy: a po­si­tion state­ment by the Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion. Di­a­betes Care 2017;40:136–154
  108. Free­man R. Not all neu­ropa­thy in di­a­betes is of di­a­bet­ic eti­ol­o­gy: dif­fer­ential di­ag­no­sis of di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy. Curr Diab Rep 2009;9:423–431
  109. Pop-‍Busui R, Evans GW, Ger­stein HC, et al.; Ac­tion to Con­trol Car­dio­vas­cu­lar Risk in Di­a­betes Study Group. Ef­fects of car­diac au­to­nom­ic dysfunc­tion on mor­tal­i­ty risk in the Ac­tion to Con­trol Car­dio­vas­cu­lar Risk in Di­a­betes (AC­CORD) trial. Di­a­betes Care 2010;33:1578–1584
  110. Pop-‍Busui R, Cleary PA, Braf­fett BH, et al.; DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. As­so­ci­a­tion be­tween car­dio­vas­cu­lar au­to­nom­ic neu­ropa­thy and left ven­tric­u­lar dysfunc­tion: DCCT/EDIC study (Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍ Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions). J Am Coll Car­di­ol 2013;61:447–454
  111. Smith AG, Lessard M, Reyna S, Doudo­va M, Sin­gle­ton JR. The di­ag­nos­tic util­i­ty of Su­doscan for dis­tal sym­met­ric pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy. J Di­a­betes Com­pli­ca­tions 2014;28:511–516
  112. Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial (DCCT) Re­search Group. Ef­fect of in­ten­sive di­a­betes treat­ment on nerve con­duction in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial. Ann Neu­rol 1995;38:869–880
  113. CDC Study Group. The ef­fect of in­ten­sive di­a­betes ther­a­py on mea­sures of au­to­nom­ic ner­vous sys­tem func­tion in the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial (DCCT). Di­a­betolo­gia 1998;41:416–423
  114. Al­bers JW, Her­man WH, Pop-‍Busui R, et al.; Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial /Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions Re­search Group. Ef­fect of prior in­ten­sive in­sulin treat­ment dur­ing the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial (DCCT) on pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy in type 1 di­a­betes dur­ing the Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions (EDIC) study. Di­a­betes Care 2010; 33:1090–1096
  115. Pop-‍Busui R, Low PA, Waber­s­ki BH, et al.; DCCT/EDIC Re­search Group. Ef­fects of prior in­ten­sive in­sulin ther­a­py on car­diac au­to­nom­ic ner­vous sys­tem func­tion in type 1 di­a­betes mel­li­tus: the Di­a­betes Con­trol and Com­pli­ca­tions Trial/‍Epi­demi­ol­o­gy of Di­a­betes In­ter­ven­tions and Com­pli­ca­tions study (DCCT/‍EDIC). Cir­cu­la­tion 2009;119:2886–2893
  116. Callaghan BC, Lit­tle AA, Feld­man EL, Hugh­es RAC. En­hanced glu­cose con­trol for pre­venting and treat­ing di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD007543
  117. Pop-‍Busui R, Lu J, Brooks MM, et al.; BARI 2D Study Group. Im­pact of glycemic con­trol strate­gies on the pro­gres­sion of di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy in the By­pass An­gio­plas­ty Revas­cu­larization In­ves­ti­ga­tion 2 Di­a­betes (BARI 2D) co­hort. Di­a­betes Care 2013;36:3208–3215
  118. Sa­dosky A, Schae­fer C, Mann R, et al. Bur­den of ill­ness as­so­ci­at­ed with painful di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy among adults seek­ing treat­ment in the US: re­sults from a ret­ro­spec­tive chart re­viewand cross-sec­tional sur­vey. Di­a­betes Metab Syndr Obes 2013;6:79–92
  119. Wald­fo­gel JM, Nes­bit SA, Dy SM, et al. Pharmacother­a­py for di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy pain and qual­i­ty of life: a sys­tematic re­view. Neu­rology 2017;88:1958–1967
  120. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutou­ni­an S, et al. Pharmacother­a­py for neu­ro­path­ic pain in adults: a sys­tematic re­view and meta-‍anal­y­sis. Lancet Neu­rol 2015;14:162–173
  121. Bril V, Eng­land J, Fran­klin GM, et al.; Amer­i­can Acade­my of Neu­rology; Amer­i­can As­so­ci­a­tion of Neu­ro­mus­cu­lar and Electrodi­ag­nos­tic Medicine; Amer­i­can Acade­my of Phys­i­cal Medicine and Re­ha­bil­i­ta­tion. Ev­i­dence-‍based guide­line: treat­ment of painful di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy: re­port of the Amer­i­can Acade­my of Neu­rology, the Amer­i­can As­so­ci­a­tion of Neu­ro­mus­cu­lar and Electrodi­ag­nos­tic Medicine, and the Amer­i­can Acade­my of Phys­i­cal Medicine and Re­ha­bil­i­ta­tion [pub­lished cor­rec­tion ap­pears in Neu­rology 2011;77:603]. Neu­rology 2011;76:1758–1765
  122. Griebel­er ML, Morey-‍Var­gas OL, Brito JP, et al. Phar­ma­co­log­ic in­ter­ven­tions for painful di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy: an um­brel­la sys­tematic re­view and com­par­a­tive ef­fectiveness net­work meta-‍anal­y­sis. Ann In­tern Med 2014;161:639– 649
  123. Ziegler D, Fon­se­ca V. From guide­line to pa­tient: a re­view of re­cent rec­om­men­da­tions for pharmacother­a­py of painful di­a­bet­ic neu­ropa­thy. J Di­a­betes Com­pli­ca­tions 2015;29:146–156
  124. Free­man R, Durso-‍Decruz E, Emir B. Effi- cacy, safe­ty, and tolerabil­i­ty of pre­ga­balin treat­ment for painful di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy: find­ings from seven ran­domized, con­trolled tri­als across a range of doses. Di­a­betes Care 2008;31: 1448–1454
  125. Moore RA, Straube S, Wif­f­en PJ, Derry S, Mc­Quay HJ. Pre­ga­balinforacuteand chron­icpain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3: CD007076
  126. Raskin P, Huff­man C, Toth C, et al. Pre­ga­balin in pa­tients with in­ad­e­quately treat­ed painful di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy: a ran­domized with­draw­al trial. Clin J Pain 2014;30: 379–390
  127. Tes­faye S, Wil­helm S, Lledo A, et al. Du­lox­e­tine and pre­ga­balin: high-‍dose monother­a­py or their com­bi­na­tion? The “COMBO-‍DN study”– a multi­na­tion­al, ran­domized, dou­ble-‍blind, par­al­lel-‍group study in pa­tients with di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ro­path­ic pain. Pain 2013;154: 2616–2625
  128. Ziegler D, Duan WR, An G, Thomas JW, Nothaft W. A ran­domized dou­ble-‍blind, place­bo-‍, and ac­tive-‍con­trolled study of T-‍type cal­ci­um chan­nel block­er ABT-639 in pa­tients with di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­alneu­ro­path­icpain. Pain 2015;156:2013– 2020
  129. Quili­ci S, Chan­cel­lor J, Lo¨thgren M, et al. Meta-‍anal­y­sis of du­lox­e­tine vs. pre­ga­balin and gabapentin in the treat­ment of di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ro­path­ic pain. BMC Neu­rol 2009;9:6
  130. Dworkin RH, Jensen MP, Gam­maitoni AR, Olal­eye DO, Galer BS. Symp­tom profiles dif­fer in pa­tients with neu­ro­path­ic ver­sus non-‍neu­ro­path­ic pain. J Pain 2007;8:118–126
  131. Wif­f­en PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chron­ic neu­ro­path­ic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;6:CD007938
  132. Wer­nicke JF, Pritch­ett YL, D’Souza DN, et al. A ran­domized con­trolled trial of du­lox­e­tine in di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ro­path­ic pain. Neu­rology 2006;67:1411–1420
  133. Hardy T, Sach­son R, Shen S, Arm­bruster M, Boul­ton AJM. Does treat­ment withdu­lox­e­tine for neu­ro­path­ic pain im­pact glycemic con­trol? Di­a­betes Care 2007;30:21–26
  134. Schwartz S, Etropol­s­ki M, Shapiro DY, et al. Safe­ty and efficacy of tapen­ta­dol ER in pa­tients with painful di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy: re­sults of a ran­domized-with­draw­al, place­bo-‍con­trolled trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27: 151–162
  135. Vinik AI, Shapiro DY, Rauschkolb C, et al. A ran­domized with­draw­al, place­bo-‍con­trolled study eval­u­at­ing the efficacy and tolerabil­i­ty of tapen­ta­dol extend­ed re­lease in pa­tients with chron­ic painful di­a­bet­ic pe­riph­er­al neu­ropa­thy. Di­a­betes Care 2014;37:2302– 2309
  136. Camil­leri M, Park­man HP, Shafi MA, Abell TL, Ger­son L; Amer­i­can Col­lege of Gas­troen­terol­o­gy. Clin­i­cal guide­line: man­age­ment of gas­tro-‍pare­sis. Am J Gas­troen­terol 2013;108:18–37; quiz 38
  137. Par­rish CR, Pas­tors JG. Nu­tri­tional man­age­ment of gas­tro­pare­sis in peo­ple with di­a­betes. Di­a­betes Spec­tr 2007;20:231–234
  138. Park­man HP, Yates KP, Hasler WL, et al.; NIDDK Gas­tro­pare­sis Clin­i­cal Re­search Con­sor­tium. Di­etary in­take and nu­tri­tion­al deficien­cies in pa­tients with di­a­bet­ic or id­io­path­ic gas­tro-‍pare­sis. Gas­troen­terol­o­gy 2011;141:486–498, 498.e1–7
  139. Olaus­son EA, Sto¨rsrud S, Grundin H, Isaks­son M, Attvall S, Simre´n M. A small par­ti­cle size diet re­duces upper gas­troin­testi­nal symp­toms in pa­tients with di­a­bet­ic gas­tro­pare­sis: a ran­domized con­trolled trial. Am J Gas­troen­terol 2014;109:375–385
  140. Umpier­rez GE, Ed. Ther­a­py for Di­a­betes Mel­li­tus and Re­lat­ed Dis­or­ders. 6th ed. Alexan­dria, VA, Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion, 2014
  141. Sug­u­mar A, Singh A, Pas­richa PJ. A sys­tematic re­view of the efficacy of dom­peri­done for the treat­ment of di­a­bet­ic gas­tro­pare­sis. Clin Gas­troen­terol Hep­a­tol 2008;6:726–733
  142. Ma­g­a­n­ti K, Onye­mere K, Jones MP. Oral ery­thromycin and symp­tomat­ic re­lief of gas­tro-‍pare­sis: a sys­tematic re­view. Am J Gas­troen­terol 2003;98:259–263
  143. Mc­Cal­lum RW, Snape W, Brody F, Wo J, Park­man HP, Nowak T. Gas­tric elec­tri­cal stim­u­la­tion with En­ter­ra ther­a­py im­proves symp­toms from di­a­bet­ic gas­tro­pare­sis in a prospec­tive study. Clin Gas­troen­terol Hep­a­tol 2010;8:947– 954; quiz e116
  144. Boul­ton AJM, Arm­strong DG, Al­bert SF, et al.; Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion; Amer­i­can As­so­ci­a­tion of Clin­i­cal En­docrinologists. Com­pre­hen­sive foot ex­am­i­na­tion and risk as­sessment: a re­port of the Task Force of the Foot Care In­ter­est Group of the Amer­i­can Di­a­betes As­so­ci­a­tion, with en­dorse­ment by the Amer­i­can As­so­ci­a­tion of Clin­i­cal En­docrinologists. Di­a­betes Care 2008;31:1679–1685
  145. Hin­go­rani A, LaMuraglia GM, Henke P, et al. The man­age­ment of di­a­bet­ic foot: a clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­line by the So­ci­ety for Vas­cu­lar Surgery in col­lab­o­ra­tion with the Amer­i­can Po­di­atric Med­i­cal As­so­ci­a­tion and the So­ci­ety for Vas­cu­lar Medicine. J Vasc Surg 2016;63(Suppl.): 3S–21S
  146. Bon­ner T, Fos­ter M, Spears-‍Lanoix E. Type 2 di­a­betes-‍re­lat­ed foot care knowl­edge and foot self-‍care prac­tice in­ter­ven­tions in the Unit­ed States: a sys­tematic re­view of the lit­er­a­ture. Di­a­bet Foot Ankle 2016;7:29758
  147. Rizzo L, Tedeschi A, Fal­lani E, et al. Cus­tom­made or­the­sis and shoes in a struc­tured fol­low-‍up pro­gram re­duces the in­ci­dence of neu­ro­path­ic ul­cers in high-‍risk di­a­bet­ic foot pa­tients. Int J Low Ex­trem Wounds 2012;11:59– 64
  148. Lip­sky BA, Berendt AR, Cor­nia PB, et al.; In­fec­tious Dis­eases So­ci­ety of Amer­i­ca. 2012 In­fec­tious Dis­eases So­ci­ety of Amer­i­ca clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­line for the di­ag­no­sis and treat­ment of di­a­bet­ic foot in­fec­tions. Clin In­fect Dis 2012;54:e132–e173
  149. El­raiyah T, Tsapas A, Prut­sky G, et al. A sys­tematic re­view and meta-‍anal­y­sis of ad­junc­tive ther­a­pies in di­a­bet­ic foot ul­cers. J Vasc Surg 2016;63(2 Suppl.):46S–58S.e1–2
  150. Game FL, Apelqvist J, At­tinger C, et al.; In­ter­na­tion­al Work­ing Group on the Di­a­bet­ic Foot. Ef­fectiveness of in­ter­ven­tions to en­hance heal­ing of chron­ic ul­cers of the foot in di­a­betes: a sys­tematic re­view. Di­a­betes Metab Res Rev 2016;32(Suppl. 1):154–168
  151. Kranke P, Ben­nett MH, Martyn-‍St James M, Schn­abel A, Debus SE, Weibel S. Hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py for chron­ic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;6:CD004123
  152. Lo¨ndahl M, Katz­man P, Nils­son A, Ham­mar­lund C. Hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py fa­cil­i­tates heal­ing of chron­ic foot ul­cers in pa­tients with di­a­betes. Di­a­betes Care 2010; 33:998–1003
  153. Fe­dorko L, Bowen JM, Jones W, et al. Hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py does not re­duce in­di­ca­tions for am­pu­ta­tion in pa­tients with di­a­betes with nonheal­ing ul­cers of the lower limb: a prospec­tive, dou­ble-‍blind, ran­domized con­trolled clin­i­cal trial. Di­a­betes Care 2016;39: 392–399
  154. Li G, Hop­kins RB, Levine MAH, et al. Re­la­tion­ship be­tween hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py and qual­i­ty of life in par­tic­i­pants with chron­ic di­a­bet­ic foot ul­cers: data from a ran­domized con­trolled trial. Acta Di­a­betol 2017;54:823– 831
  155. Boul­ton AJM. The Di­a­bet­ic Foot [In­ternet], 2000. South Dart­mouth, MA, MD­Text.com, Inc. Avail­able from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/‍NBK409609/. Ac­cessed 5 Oc­to­ber 2017
  156. Health Qual­i­ty On­tario. Hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py for the treat­ment of di­a­bet­ic foot ul­cers: a health tech­nol­o­gy as­sessment. Ont Health Tech­nol As­sess Ser 2017;17:1–142
  157. Stoeken­broek RM, San­tema TB, Koele­may MJ, et al. Is ad­di­tional hy­per­bar­ic oxy­gen ther­a­py cost-ef­fective for treat­ing is­chemic di­a­bet­ic ul­cers? Study pro­to­col for the Dutch DAMO­CLES multicen­ter ran­domized clin­i­cal trial? J Di­a­betes 2015;7:125–132
  158. Huang ET, Man­souri J, Murad MH, et al.; UHMS CPG Over­sight Com­mit­tee. A clin­i­cal prac­tice guide­line for the use of hy­per­bar­%3