2.4.3.0 Hy­per­kalemia and Acute Kid­ney In­jury.

Treat­ment with ACE in­hibitors or ARBs can cause AKI and hy­per­kalemia, while di­uret­ics can cause AKI and ei­ther hy­pokalemia or hy­per­kalemia (de­pend­ing on mech­a­nism of ac­tion) (63,64). De­tec­tion and man­age­ment of these ab­nor­malities is im­por­tant be­cause AKI and hy­per­kalemia each in­crease the risks of car­dio­vas­cu­lar events and death (65). There­fore, serum cre­a­ti­nine and potas­si­um should be mon­i­tored dur­ing treat­ment with an ACE in­hibitor, ARB, or di­uret­ic, par­tic­u­lar­ly among pa­tients with re­duced glomeru­lar filtra­tion who are at in­creased risk of hy­per­kalemia and AKI (63,64,66).